৩:০০ AM
Abu Naim
1. A powder derived from the North American Echinacea flower, which has been
effective in preventing colds, is grown by many small farmers out West.
(A) A powder derived from the North American Echinacea flower, which has been effective in preventing colds,
(B) A derivative, which has been effective in preventing colds, of the North American Echinacea flower
(C) A North American Echinacea flower derivative, which has been effective in preventing colds
(D) The North American Echinacea flower has a derivative which has been effective in preventing colds, that
(E) The North American Echinacea flower, a derivative of which has been effective in preventing colds,
Ans:E
Solution:1. To answer this question, you first have to realize that the basic structure of this sentence is fairly simple. The main verb of the sentence is “grown”. What is grown? A flower is grown, not its derivative. Choices A, B, C and D all imply that it is a derivative or a powder which is grown out West and not the flower. This is a clear flaw in logic. The only answer choice that has the correct subject is Choice
2. Trying to mimic some of the pitch variations of a dolphin chattering is the same as attempting to sing like a sick parakeet when one is intoxicated; the complete lack of harmony and apparent randomness of the noise means the human vocal chords are completely incapable of reproducing these sounds.
(A) the same as attempting to sing like a sick parakeet when one is intoxicated
(B) similar to an intoxicated person singing like a sick parakeet
(C) like singing like a sick parakeet as an intoxicated person
(D) the same as an intoxicated person singing like a sick parakeet
(E) like the intoxicated person is singing like a sick parakeet
Ans:A
Solution:2. This question is quite tricky. It involves parallel structure. You have to look carefully to figure out what form the comparison takes. The comparison is not one of similarity, it is one of equality. Saying x is y is quite different from saying x is like y or x is similar to y. Choices B, C and E all change the fundamental underlying concept of the sentence. Choice D disrupts the parallel structure. The parallel structure is “trying to mimic” and “attempting to sing”. Choice A is the correct answer.
3. The possibility of an attack on Indian Point, a nuclear power plant, has caused local governmental officials to plan evacuation routes, build shelters, and offering citizens potassium pills so there will be fewer casualties in case of a leak.
(A) plan evacuation routes, build shelters, and offering citizens potassium pills so there will be
(B) plan evacuation routes, build shelters, and offer citizens potassium pills in order to have
(C) planning evacuation routes, building shelters, and the offer of potassium pills to citizens so there will be
(D) evacuation route planning, building shelters, and offering citizens potassium pills in order to have (E) a planning of evacuation routes, shelter building, and offering potassium pills to citizens to have
Ans:B
Solution:3. This question has to do with parallel structure. Something causes officials to plan, build and offer. Choices A and C disrupt parallel structure by using an “ing” form inconsistently. Choices D and E are incorrect as you cannot cause someone to evacuation route planning or to a planning. Cause should be followed by the infinitive. Choice B is the correct answer.
4. Although the sting of Egyptian Scorpions are rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear, posing minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to its venom.
(A) Egyptian Scorpions are rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear, posing minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to its
(B) Egyptian Scorpions are rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear and pose minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to their
(C) Egyptian Scorpions is rarely dangerous, it causes red welts to appear, posing minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to their
(D) Egyptian Scorpions is rarely dangerous, it causes red welts to appear and poses minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to its
(E) Egyptian Scorpions is rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear, posing the greatest danger to the infant, who are particularly vulnerable to its
Ans:D
Solution:This is a very easy question because the only mistakes you have to correct are mistakes in subject/verb agreement and subject/pronoun agreement. The subject is the sting. So you want the correct verb form to go with the singular, sting. That leaves you with C, D and E as possible choices because they say the sting C is rarely ˇ dangerous. Another mistake you have to correct is a subject/pronoun agreement mistake. The venom belongs to the sting. Therefore, you would use ‘its’ before venom because sting is singular. That leaves you with choices D and E. Choice E makes another mistake by saying they cause red welts to appear. The scorpions don’t cause the red welts to appear, the sting of the scorpions does. Therefore the singular ‘it’ needs to be used. Choice D is the correct answer.
5. The catastrophic San Francisco Earthquake at the turn of the century destroyed numerous buildings and many were led to believe that the city had become a permanent disaster zone.
(A) many were led to believe that the city had become
(B) many had been led to believing of the city as if it were
(C) the belief this led to was that the city had become
(D) led many to the belief of the city as if it were
(E) led many to believe that the city had become
Ans:E
Solution:This sentence involves parallel structure. What did the earthquake do? It destroyed and led. These are actives verbs rather than the passive constructions in A and B. C also does not provide parallel structure. D is wordy and uses the wrong tense. The past perfect should be used as the city had become a disaster zone before people came to believe this. “The belief of the city as if it were” is also non-idiomatic. Choice E is the correct answer
6. Besides offering such physiological rewards as toned muscles, karate, if practiced regularly, can turn the body into a dangerous weapon and produce numerous other benefits.
(A) karate, if practiced regularly, can turn the body into a dangerous weapon
(B) one can turn the body into a dangerous weapon through karate, if it is practiced regularly
(C) the body can be turned into a dangerous weapon as a result of karate if practiced regularly
(D) when karate is practiced regularly, the body can be turned into a dangerous weapon (E) when practiced regularly, the results of karate can be to turn the body into a dangerous weapon
Ans:A
Solution:6. This question has to do with dangling modifiers. There is no subject in the first phrase, the part before the first comma. Therefore the subject of the verb in that phrase must come directly after the comma. What is the verb in the phrase? Offering is the verb. Who or what does the offering? Karate offers. Therefore karate is the subject and must come directly after the first comma. The only choice which offers this is A.
7. The new government requires employers to inform an employee of their legal right to holidays and overtime pay.
(A) employers to inform an employee of their
(B) employers to inform employees that he has a
(C) employers to inform employees that there is a
(D) that employers inform an employee of their
(E) that employers inform the employees that they have a
Ans:C
Solution:7. The first issue you need to be aware of is pronoun reference. It should be employees’ legal right, not employers’. Therefore, you can eliminate A and D. The singular “an employee” does not go together with the plural “their”. Option B does not have agreement between the plural “employees” and the singular “he”. Option E has an unclear pronoun, “they”, at the end of the option. It is not clear whether this word refers to the employees or the employers. Only option C is correct.
8. Riddled with bullets, shattered by bombs, and hidden in alleys, the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, were long ignored by tourists, traveling instead to more well-known memorial museums.
(A) the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, were long ignored by tourists, traveling
(B) the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, were long ignored by tourists, who traveled
(C) tourists long ignored the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, traveling
(D) tourists long ignored the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland and traveled
(E) tourists long ignored the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland; they depended
Ans:B
Solution:8. This question has to do with ambiguity arising from a lack of pronouns and improper word order. Choices C, D and E all imply that tourists are the ones who were riddled with bullets, shattered by bombs and hidden in alleys. This is a case of dangling modifiers. Choice A implies that the buildings may have been the ones traveling to more well-known memorial museums. Choice B uses the pronoun “who”. This correctly connects all the parts of the sentence. Choice B is the correct answe
9. Rallies organized in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles which was once prohibited by Communist Chinese leaders, are beginning to take shape at a grass roots level permitted by the new Chinese leadership.
(A) Rallies organized in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles which was once prohibited by Communist Chinese leaders, arE
(B) Rallies organized in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, a practice that Communist Chinese leaders once prohibited, is
(C) Organizing rallies in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, as once prohibited by Communist Chinese leaders, is
(D) Communist Chinese leaders once prohibited organizing rallies in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, but they are
(E) Communist Chinese leaders once prohibited organizing rallies in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, but such principles are
Ans:E
Solution:Option A is incorrect as it is unclear to what “which” is referring. It should refer to organizing rallies but the placement means it is referring to the democratic principles. B is incorrect as the subject “Rallies” does not agree with the verb “is”. Option C states that organizing rallies is beginning to take shape. The democratic principles are beginning to take shape. Choice D has an ambiguity resulting from the pronoun ‘they’. It is unclear to whom ‘they’ is referring. Choice E is the correct answer.
10. By the end of the nineteenth century, five of the Western European states had developed a railroad system, but only one in the East.
(A) only one in the East
(B) only one eastern state
(C) in the East there was only one state
(D) in the East only one state did
(E) only one in the East had
Ans:E
Solution:This question has to do with parallel structure. You have to have a continuity of verb tenses and structures. Because you say ‘five x had’, then you have to follow it by saying, ‘but only one y had’. The only two choices that even have a verb in them are D and E. Choice D uses a different verb tense, the simple past. Choice E is the correct answer.
11. Unlike in the other states in the tri-state area, there are no gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities in New Jersey.
(A) Unlike in the other states in the tri-state area, there are no gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities
(B) Unlike the other states in the tri-state area that have gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities, there are none
(C) Although state or local authorities usually set gasoline taxes in the tri-state area, no such one has been set
(D) Although state or local authorities usually set gasoline taxes in the tri-state area, no such tax has been set
(E) Although there are usually gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities in the tri-state area, no such taxes has been set
Ans:D
Solution:Eliminate A and B on the grounds of a dangling modifier. New Jersey must come after the first comma in options A and B but it does not. “No such one” in option C is non-idiomatic. There is a lack of agreement in Option E between “taxes” and “has”. D is correct.
12. Historians and philosophers in the late nineteenth century argued that Plato’s work was perhaps the ultimate work of political philosophy, that it was the one paradigm of political discourse that there was no possibility to supersede.
(A) that it was the one paradigm of political discourse that there was no possibility to supersede
(B) the one paradigm of political discourse that could not be superseded
(C) for it was the one paradigm of political discourse, and that it was impossible to supersede
(D) a paradigm of political discourse that there was no possibility to supersede
(E) as being the one paradigm that could not be superseded in political discourse
Ans:B
Solution:This question has to do with efficiency of language. What follows the comma is going to give you some peripheral information about the work. You don’t need to precede it by any unnecessary words or phrases such as ‘for’ or ‘as’. D changes the meaning by its use of ‘a paradigm’ rather then ‘the paradigm’. ‘A paradigm’ implies that there were others. The other options are wordier than B. Choice B is the correct answer.
13. Although the initial setup of generators and a power grid by Edison and JP Morgan was rather costly, the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency when the energy costs were cut in half.
(A) the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency when the energy costs were cut in half
(B) the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while cutting energy costs in half
(C) the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while costs were cut to half
(D) lighting electrification in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while energy costs were cut in half
(E) lighting electrification in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while costs were cut to half
Ans:B
Solution:Choice C has an incorrect idiom: while as. Choices A, C, D & E have passive constructions in the last part of the options. A also unnecessarily has ‘the’ before ‘energy costs’. E eliminates ‘energy’. This word is needed or the meaning of the sentence would be altered. Choice B is the correct answer.
14. Because the economic cycle in the United States changes little during its 20-year interval between recessing, it is fairly easy for analysts to predict analogous trends in the stock market.
(A) between recessing
(B) of recessing
(C) between its recessions
(D) of its recessions
(E) as it recesses
Ans:C
Solution:The word ‘interval’ is critical in this sentence. You might want to ask yourself why use the word ‘between’ at all? You need the word because of the word ‘interval’. ‘Interval’ implies that something is happening. That something has two parts to it. ‘Interval between’ is the correct idiomatic expression. A is incorrect because it uses the verb form ‘recessing’, which is not connected to a recession in the economy. This type of recession is what the sentence is discussing. Choice C is the best answer.
15. After the attack on the World Trade Center, the President ordered intelligence agencies should prepare lists of who were America’s most wanted terrorists.
(A) should prepare lists of who were America’s most wanted terrorists
(B) would do the preparation of lists of America’s most wanted terrorists
(C) preparing lists of most wanted terrorists in America
(D) the preparing of a list of the most wanted terrorists in America
(E) to prepare lists of the most wanted terrorists in America
Ans:E
Solution:The part of the sentence you cannot change includes the fact that someone ordered another person or group of people. The correct following structure in this type of sentence is the infinitive. Only E provides this.
16. The exhibit, created by painstaking craftsmanship in the jungles of Burma, consisted of hundreds of paintings, each painting a tiny etched landscape inside its own ceramic work of pottery.
(A) each painting a tiny etched landscape inside its
(B) all the paintings a tiny etched landscape inside their
(C) all the paintings a tiny etched landscape inside its
(D) every painting a tiny etched landscape inside their
(E) each painting a tiny etched landscape inside their
Ans:A
Solution:This is a very straightforward question of singular or plural and of usage of the words ‘each’ and ‘every’. When you use the word each, you always use the singular, even if you are referring to multiple elements. You would say, for example: each boy in the class is wearing a sweater. Despite the fact that you are referring to multiple boys, you still use the singular. Therefore choices D and E are incorrect. Choice B could be correct if it were: ‘all the paintings tiny etched landscapes’. Choice C uses ‘all’ with the singular ‘its’. This is also wrong. Choice A is the correct answer.
17. More than one hundred years ago, students of ornithology reported that hummingbirds can hover as insects flitting gracefully from one flower to another.
(A) as insects flitting gracefully from one flower to another
(B) like insects flitting gracefully from one flower to another
(C) as insects do that flit gracefully from one flower to others
(D) like insects do that flit gracefully from one flower to others
(E) as do insects that flit gracefully from one flower to some other one
Ans:B
Solution:The main thing you have to determine in this sentence is whether to use ‘like’ or ‘as’. Use ‘like’ to compare nouns or pronouns. Use ‘as’ to introduce either a clause, which is a group of words with a verb, or a phrase starting with a preposition. The sentence compares hummingbirds to insects. Nouns are being compared so you need ‘like’. The word ‘do’ in option D is unnecessary. B is more economical than D. ‘From one flower to another’ is also the correct expression rather then ‘from one flower to others’. B is correct
18. In an effort to shorten the time span and cut the costs needed to raise full-size beef stock, many ranchers substitute cornmeal and ground bones for their cattle’s regular diet, branded by them to become generic-grade beef.
(A) for their cattle’s regular diet, branded by them
(B) for the regular diet of their cattle that have been branded
(C) for the regular diet of their cattle, having been branded
(D) in place of their cattle’s regular diet, for those of them branded
(E) in place of the regular diet of their cattle to have been branded by them
Ans:B
Solution:. Choices B, C and E are ambiguous as it is not clear who or what has been branded. D is wordy and the phrase ‘for those of them branded’ is not idiomatically correct in this sentence. Choice B is the correct answer
19. New high-combustion models of engines show the potential of being able to produce high horsepower and performance without the costly requirements of maintenance and consuming of special racing fuel by earlier high horsepower models.
(A) requirements of maintenance and consuming of special racing fuel by earlier high horsepower models
(B) requirements by earlier high horsepower models of consuming of special racing fuel and maintenance
(C) requirements for consuming of special racing fuel and maintenance of earlier high horsepower models
(D) consumption of special racing fuel and maintenance that was required by earlier high horsepower models
(E) maintenance and consumption of special racing fuel that were required by earlier high horsepower models
Ans:E
Solution:The correct noun to use is ‘consumption’ rather than the word ‘consuming’. Choice D has a mistake in grammar. You need to use the plural instead of ‘that was required’. Choice E is the correct answer
20. Forced to cut back their stock, automobile dealers in the area have cut prices; their pick-up trucks have been priced to sell, and they are.
(A) have been priced to sell, and they are
(B) are priced to sell, and they have
(C) are priced to sell, and they do
(D) are being priced to sell, and have
(E) had been priced to sell, and they have
Ans:C
Solution:Parallel structure demands agreement in verb tenses. The only option using the same tense throughout is C.
21. In the most bizarre court case this month, the judge ruled that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams for the illegal weighting of the ping-pong balls in an effort to fix the tournament.
(A) that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams for the illegal weighting of
(B) that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams because of their illegal weighting of
(C) that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owe restitution to four national pingpong teams for their illegal weighting of
(D) on two ping-pong ball manufacturers that owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams because they illegally weighted
(E) on the restitution that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed to four national ping-pong teams for the illegal weighting of
Ans:A
Solution:Here the first thing you have to ask yourself is: what did the judge rule? Did he rule on two ping-pong ball manufacturers or on restitution? No, the judge ruled that they owed something. That means that A, B and C are the only possible answer choices. You have to also maintain an agreement in tenses. The judge ruled that somebody owed something, not owes. That eliminates choice C. One difference between choices A and B is the use of different idioms. The manufacturers owed restitution for something, not because of something. This is the correct idiomatic expression. The use of ‘their’ is B is also ambiguous. Choice A is the correct answer.
22. The electronics manufacturer announced that while earnings grew by 5% in the last quarter, revenue decreased whereas it might have been expected for it to rise.
(A) it might have been expected for it to rise
(B) it might have been expected to rise
(C) it might have been expected that it should rise
(D) its rise might have been expected
(E) there might have been an expectation it would rise
Ans:B
Solution:A, C and E are wordy. B maintains parallel structure in that you have a subject, ‘revenue’, and a verb, ‘decreased’, followed by the pronoun ‘it’, standing for revenue and another verb ‘might have been expected’. D has a subject, ‘revenue’ and then another subject ‘its rise’ Because of the two different subjects this option does not have parallel structure. Choice B is the correct answer.
23. The Chinese army consists of several million young men, about equivalent to the enrollment of colleges in India.
(A) equivalent to the enrollment of
(B) the equivalent of those enrolled in
(C) equal to those who are enrolled in
(D) as many as the enrollment of
(E) as many as are enrolled in
Ans:E
Solution:You can have an equivalent number but not equivalent people. A and B incorrectly apply ‘equivalent’ directly to the several million Chinese men. In the same way C incorrectly applies ‘equal’ to the men, not to the number of men. It implies that soldiers are equal to something. The correct comparison here is between the number of soldiers and the number of students. Choice D also makes a mistake in reference in that it compares soldiers to the noun ‘enrollment’. Choice E is the correct answer. It compares Chinese soldiers to Indian students.
24. In the United States, a larger percentage of the defense budget is spent on development of an anti-missile shield than is spent on nuclear missile technology in the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea.
(A) In the United States, a larger percentage of the defense budget is spent on development of an anti-missile shield than is spent on nuclear missile technology in the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea.
(B) In the United States they spend a larger percentage of the defense budget on development of an anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea does on nuclear missile technology.
(C) A larger percentage of the United States’ defense budget is spent on development of an anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea spends on nuclear missile technology.
(D) The United States spends a larger percentage of its defense budget developing its anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea spending on nuclear missile technology.
(E) The United States spends a larger percentage of its defense budget on developing its anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea does on nuclear missile technology.
Ans:E
Solution:This sentence is comparative. X does more of A than Y does of B. What is the X? The United States. What is the Y? North Korea. The simplest structure of an English sentence is to start with the subject and the verb. D & E start in this fashion. A and C are passive. The use of ‘they’ in B is incorrect as it is unclear to what ‘they’ refers. Choice D has a mistake in parallel structure. It uses spends/spending. Choice E is the correct answer.
25. Statisticians from the Department of Motor Vehicles have calculated that one human being should be struck every three minutes by a vehicle, while each minute two animals can be expected to die from such collisions.
(A) one human being should be struck every three minutes by a vehicle
(B) a human being should be struck by a vehicle once in every three minutes
(C) a vehicle will strike one human being once in every three minutes
(D) every three minutes a human being will be struck by a vehicle
(E) every three minutes a human being should be struck by a vehicle
Ans:D
Solution:Choices A, B and E all imply that humans should be struck by vehicles, not that they are or will be. Should implies a sense of moral purpose, which is clearly not the right thing to say here. It is tantamount to saying that if too few people are hit by vehicles, then extra humans will be hit. That leaves us with choices C and D. Choice C disrupts the parallel structure necessary to make the rest of the sentence fit. D has the correct parallel structure: Every three minutes something happens and each minute something else happens. C also implies that it is the same human being that is struck every three minutes. Only choice D doesn’t use the word should and maintains correct parallel structure. Choice D is the correct answer.
26. Acme, the family oriented entertainment company, has moved away from traditional family programming and now draws on the production both of adult entertainers who work for magazines and of those in the movie industry.
(A) now draws on the production both of adult entertainers who work for magazines and of those
(B) now draws on the works of adult entertainers, both those who work for magazines and those who work
(C) it draws on the works of adult entertainers now, both those working for magazines and who work (D) draws now on the works both of adult entertainers working for magazines and who are working (E) draws on the works now of both adult entertainers working for magazines and those
Ans:B
Solution:The sentence as written is incorrect as it places ‘both’ too far from the parts of the sentence to which it refers. B corrects this error. C unnecessarily repeats the subject using the pronoun ‘it’. It also does not have parallel structure in that it uses ‘work’ and ‘working’. D and E repeat the problem with the placement of ‘both’. D is not parallel in that it uses ‘working’ and ‘are working’. E implies that there are only two adult entertainers. B is correct.
27. Although coffee is not usually considered a drug, it is so addictive that it has become a critical part of breakfast for many people.
(A) it is so addictive that it has become a critical
(B) it is of such addiction, it has become a critical
(C) so addicting is it as to become a critical
(D) such is its addiction, it becomes a critical
(E) there is so much addiction that it has become a critical
Ans:E
Solution:When used as an intensifier ‘so’ is applied to adjectives while the intensifier ‘such’ is applied to an adjective and a noun. For example, you can say ‘such a hot day’ or ‘the day was so hot’. B is therefore incorrect as it does not fit this pattern. The correct adjective is addictive not addicting as used in C. D is not a complete sentence. E changes the meaning. The correct option, A, emphasizes that coffee is so addictive. E loses this emphasis.
28. The survey showed that children are much more psychologically stable when raised in a family with two parents than in a family where one parent only cares for the child.
(A) a family where one parent only
(B) of a family where only one parent
(C) that for families in which only one parent
(D) a family in which only one parent
(E) those of families in which one parent only
Ans:D
Solution:The first thing you want to look at in this sentence is parallel structure. Because you say in the beginning ‘raised in a family’, you have to maintain the singular form of family. That eliminates choices C and E as possible answers. Also, the parallel structure carries over to prepositions. In the beginning, it says ‘raised in a family of x than in a family of y’. You have to maintain that structure of ‘in a family’. That leaves you with two possible choices: A and D. A uses the word ‘where’, which is incorrect. ‘Where’ refers to locations. The placement of ‘only’ in A and E is incorrect. It implies that the only thing this parent does is to care for a child. Choice D is the correct answer.
29. The CEO has proposed a new policy requiring that employees should retain all pensions indefinitely or be allowed to cash them in at retirement.
(A) that employees should retain all pensions
(B) that all pensions be retained by employees
(C) the retaining by employees of all pensions
(D) employee’s retention of all pensions
(E) employees to retain all pensions
Ans:E
Solution:There are two possible constructions after ‘require’ One is ‘someone requires someone else to do something’. The other uses the subjunctive. For example, ‘I require that you be on time’. The subjunctive is always introduced by ‘that’. Choice A does not fit the correct subjunctive pattern as it uses ‘should’, instead of just the infinitive of the verb without ‘to’. B is grammatically correct but it is passive. C is passive and uses ‘retaining’ instead of ‘retention’. D incorrectly implies that there is only one employee. E is also grammatically correct and is shorter and simpler than B and is therefore the correct answer. It is active rather than the passive B.
30. The recently discovered notes of the writer suddenly revealed that this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant guided in both emotional and spiritual activities by a sharp sense of moral courage.
(A) that this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant guided in both emotional and
(B) that this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant also guided both in emotional as well as
(C) this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant and that she was guided in both emotional and
(D) this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant and that she was guided in both emotional as well as
(E) this most timid and shy of women to have been an intellectual giant and that she guided herself in both emotional as well as
Ans:A
Solution:This sentence clearly has to do with tense agreement. You can reduce the sentence down to the simple form: A woman was guided in x and y. Choice E uses different tenses. The use of ‘by’ in the part of the sentence which cannot be changed means that the verb before ‘by’ will be in the passive. E is active and changes the meaning by saying that she guided herself, rather then being guided by a sense of courage. ‘And’ in options A and C is more economical than ‘as well as’ in the other options. The use of ‘also’ in B is unnecessary. C is wordy. You could eliminate ‘and that she was’. D repeats this error. A is correct.
31. Declining values for bonds, the financial vehicles against which investors hedge to get through the bear market, is going to force currency trading to increase.
(A) the financial vehicles against which investors hedge to get through the bear market, is
(B) which investors use as financial vehicles to hedge against to get through the bear market, is
(C) the financial vehicle which is hedged against by investors to get through the bear market is
(D) which investors use as financial vehicles to hedge against to get through the bear market, are
(E) the financial vehicles against which investors hedge to get through the bear market, are
Ans:E
Solution:Because ‘values’ is plural, you need the plural form of the verb ‘to be’. Eliminate A, B and C. The placement of the preposition ‘against’ in E is better than in D. Prepositions should not come at the end of phrases. Choice E is the correct answer.
32. Except for internal networks involve identical operating systems, whose identifi- cation protocol is the same, all legacy multi-system networks need software emulators to communicate.
(A) Except for internal networks involve identical operating systems, whose identification protocol is the same
(B) As well as internal networks involving identical operating systems with the same identification protocol
(C) Unless internal networks involve identical operating systems, which have the same identification protocol
(D) In addition to an internal network between identical operating systems with the same identification protocol
(E) Together with internal networks between identical operating systems, whose identification protocol is the same
Ans:C
Solution:The sentence excludes a subset or an event from a larger group. You can eliminate B, D an E because they convey the opposite meaning as they say the subset and the group have the same characteristics. A is wrong because ‘Except for’ should be followed by a phrase, not a sentence. Choice C is the only possible answer.
33. In one of the most surprising victories in World War I, the newly-formed Soviet communist state was routed by the Polish General, Jozef Pilsudski, demanding that it should push back its borders east of Vilnius.
(A) demanding that it should
(B) demanding it to
(C) and their demand to
(D) who demanded that it
(E) who demanded them to
Ans:D
Solution:Demanding’ is incorrect as it sounds as if the action is taking place now rather then during WW1. C changes the meaning and introduces an unclear pronoun, ‘their’. E also has an unclear pronoun, ‘them’. If the pronoun refers to the Russian state, it should be singular. Only D is correct.
34. Recently discovered gravitational lensing around certain proximate stars strongly suggests that the nine planets of our solar system are a common phenomenon in the universe rather than developing incidentally from a unique galactic phenomenon several billion years ago.
(A) rather than developing incidentally from
(B) rather than a type that developed incidentally from
(C) rather than a type whose development was incidental of
(D) instead of developing incidentally from
(E) instead of a development that was incidental of
Ans:B
Solution:The first thing you should consider here is whether to use rather or instead. Instead does not have an element of choice in it, merely an element of replacement. You would say, for example: I went instead of Jack. You would also say: He is a weak man rather than a timid man. Because this is not a case of replacement, you need the word ‘rather’. That leaves us with choices A, B and C as possible answers. A correct comparison is required. The planets are a ‘phenomenon... rather then a type’. You are correctly comparing two nouns so A can be eliminated. ‘Incidental of’ is an incorrect structure. ‘Incidental to’ is correct. Therefore only B is eliminates all these errors and is the correct answer.
35. The Great Wall Space Agency’s recent attempts to launch a man into space, a major goal of their space program for the past few years, has not substantially decreased the gaps existing between the technology-rich and technology-poor cities around the space center.
(A) has not substantially decreased the gaps existing
(B) has not been substantial in decreasing the gap that exists
(C) has not made a substantial decrease in the gap that exists
(D) have not substantially decreased the gap that exists
(E) have not been substantial in a decrease of the gap that exists
Ans:
Solution:. The first thing you have to determine in this sentence is whether the verb ‘to have’ should be in the singular or plural form. To what does the verb ‘has’ refer? It refers to the attempts. You can shorten this sentence and isolate the core: the attempts (x) have done something (y). That means that only D and E can be possible answers. Choice E is too wordy. Choice D is the correct answer.
WE WILL GIVE MORE
(A) A powder derived from the North American Echinacea flower, which has been effective in preventing colds,
(B) A derivative, which has been effective in preventing colds, of the North American Echinacea flower
(C) A North American Echinacea flower derivative, which has been effective in preventing colds
(D) The North American Echinacea flower has a derivative which has been effective in preventing colds, that
(E) The North American Echinacea flower, a derivative of which has been effective in preventing colds,
Ans:E
Solution:1. To answer this question, you first have to realize that the basic structure of this sentence is fairly simple. The main verb of the sentence is “grown”. What is grown? A flower is grown, not its derivative. Choices A, B, C and D all imply that it is a derivative or a powder which is grown out West and not the flower. This is a clear flaw in logic. The only answer choice that has the correct subject is Choice
2. Trying to mimic some of the pitch variations of a dolphin chattering is the same as attempting to sing like a sick parakeet when one is intoxicated; the complete lack of harmony and apparent randomness of the noise means the human vocal chords are completely incapable of reproducing these sounds.
(A) the same as attempting to sing like a sick parakeet when one is intoxicated
(B) similar to an intoxicated person singing like a sick parakeet
(C) like singing like a sick parakeet as an intoxicated person
(D) the same as an intoxicated person singing like a sick parakeet
(E) like the intoxicated person is singing like a sick parakeet
Ans:A
Solution:2. This question is quite tricky. It involves parallel structure. You have to look carefully to figure out what form the comparison takes. The comparison is not one of similarity, it is one of equality. Saying x is y is quite different from saying x is like y or x is similar to y. Choices B, C and E all change the fundamental underlying concept of the sentence. Choice D disrupts the parallel structure. The parallel structure is “trying to mimic” and “attempting to sing”. Choice A is the correct answer.
3. The possibility of an attack on Indian Point, a nuclear power plant, has caused local governmental officials to plan evacuation routes, build shelters, and offering citizens potassium pills so there will be fewer casualties in case of a leak.
(A) plan evacuation routes, build shelters, and offering citizens potassium pills so there will be
(B) plan evacuation routes, build shelters, and offer citizens potassium pills in order to have
(C) planning evacuation routes, building shelters, and the offer of potassium pills to citizens so there will be
(D) evacuation route planning, building shelters, and offering citizens potassium pills in order to have (E) a planning of evacuation routes, shelter building, and offering potassium pills to citizens to have
Ans:B
Solution:3. This question has to do with parallel structure. Something causes officials to plan, build and offer. Choices A and C disrupt parallel structure by using an “ing” form inconsistently. Choices D and E are incorrect as you cannot cause someone to evacuation route planning or to a planning. Cause should be followed by the infinitive. Choice B is the correct answer.
4. Although the sting of Egyptian Scorpions are rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear, posing minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to its venom.
(A) Egyptian Scorpions are rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear, posing minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to its
(B) Egyptian Scorpions are rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear and pose minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to their
(C) Egyptian Scorpions is rarely dangerous, it causes red welts to appear, posing minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to their
(D) Egyptian Scorpions is rarely dangerous, it causes red welts to appear and poses minor health risks to infants, who are particularly vulnerable to its
(E) Egyptian Scorpions is rarely dangerous, they cause red welts to appear, posing the greatest danger to the infant, who are particularly vulnerable to its
Ans:D
Solution:This is a very easy question because the only mistakes you have to correct are mistakes in subject/verb agreement and subject/pronoun agreement. The subject is the sting. So you want the correct verb form to go with the singular, sting. That leaves you with C, D and E as possible choices because they say the sting C is rarely ˇ dangerous. Another mistake you have to correct is a subject/pronoun agreement mistake. The venom belongs to the sting. Therefore, you would use ‘its’ before venom because sting is singular. That leaves you with choices D and E. Choice E makes another mistake by saying they cause red welts to appear. The scorpions don’t cause the red welts to appear, the sting of the scorpions does. Therefore the singular ‘it’ needs to be used. Choice D is the correct answer.
5. The catastrophic San Francisco Earthquake at the turn of the century destroyed numerous buildings and many were led to believe that the city had become a permanent disaster zone.
(A) many were led to believe that the city had become
(B) many had been led to believing of the city as if it were
(C) the belief this led to was that the city had become
(D) led many to the belief of the city as if it were
(E) led many to believe that the city had become
Ans:E
Solution:This sentence involves parallel structure. What did the earthquake do? It destroyed and led. These are actives verbs rather than the passive constructions in A and B. C also does not provide parallel structure. D is wordy and uses the wrong tense. The past perfect should be used as the city had become a disaster zone before people came to believe this. “The belief of the city as if it were” is also non-idiomatic. Choice E is the correct answer
6. Besides offering such physiological rewards as toned muscles, karate, if practiced regularly, can turn the body into a dangerous weapon and produce numerous other benefits.
(A) karate, if practiced regularly, can turn the body into a dangerous weapon
(B) one can turn the body into a dangerous weapon through karate, if it is practiced regularly
(C) the body can be turned into a dangerous weapon as a result of karate if practiced regularly
(D) when karate is practiced regularly, the body can be turned into a dangerous weapon (E) when practiced regularly, the results of karate can be to turn the body into a dangerous weapon
Ans:A
Solution:6. This question has to do with dangling modifiers. There is no subject in the first phrase, the part before the first comma. Therefore the subject of the verb in that phrase must come directly after the comma. What is the verb in the phrase? Offering is the verb. Who or what does the offering? Karate offers. Therefore karate is the subject and must come directly after the first comma. The only choice which offers this is A.
7. The new government requires employers to inform an employee of their legal right to holidays and overtime pay.
(A) employers to inform an employee of their
(B) employers to inform employees that he has a
(C) employers to inform employees that there is a
(D) that employers inform an employee of their
(E) that employers inform the employees that they have a
Ans:C
Solution:7. The first issue you need to be aware of is pronoun reference. It should be employees’ legal right, not employers’. Therefore, you can eliminate A and D. The singular “an employee” does not go together with the plural “their”. Option B does not have agreement between the plural “employees” and the singular “he”. Option E has an unclear pronoun, “they”, at the end of the option. It is not clear whether this word refers to the employees or the employers. Only option C is correct.
8. Riddled with bullets, shattered by bombs, and hidden in alleys, the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, were long ignored by tourists, traveling instead to more well-known memorial museums.
(A) the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, were long ignored by tourists, traveling
(B) the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, were long ignored by tourists, who traveled
(C) tourists long ignored the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland, traveling
(D) tourists long ignored the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland and traveled
(E) tourists long ignored the historic buildings in Lodz, Poland; they depended
Ans:B
Solution:8. This question has to do with ambiguity arising from a lack of pronouns and improper word order. Choices C, D and E all imply that tourists are the ones who were riddled with bullets, shattered by bombs and hidden in alleys. This is a case of dangling modifiers. Choice A implies that the buildings may have been the ones traveling to more well-known memorial museums. Choice B uses the pronoun “who”. This correctly connects all the parts of the sentence. Choice B is the correct answe
9. Rallies organized in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles which was once prohibited by Communist Chinese leaders, are beginning to take shape at a grass roots level permitted by the new Chinese leadership.
(A) Rallies organized in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles which was once prohibited by Communist Chinese leaders, arE
(B) Rallies organized in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, a practice that Communist Chinese leaders once prohibited, is
(C) Organizing rallies in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, as once prohibited by Communist Chinese leaders, is
(D) Communist Chinese leaders once prohibited organizing rallies in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, but they are
(E) Communist Chinese leaders once prohibited organizing rallies in conjunction with the dissemination of democratic principles, but such principles are
Ans:E
Solution:Option A is incorrect as it is unclear to what “which” is referring. It should refer to organizing rallies but the placement means it is referring to the democratic principles. B is incorrect as the subject “Rallies” does not agree with the verb “is”. Option C states that organizing rallies is beginning to take shape. The democratic principles are beginning to take shape. Choice D has an ambiguity resulting from the pronoun ‘they’. It is unclear to whom ‘they’ is referring. Choice E is the correct answer.
10. By the end of the nineteenth century, five of the Western European states had developed a railroad system, but only one in the East.
(A) only one in the East
(B) only one eastern state
(C) in the East there was only one state
(D) in the East only one state did
(E) only one in the East had
Ans:E
Solution:This question has to do with parallel structure. You have to have a continuity of verb tenses and structures. Because you say ‘five x had’, then you have to follow it by saying, ‘but only one y had’. The only two choices that even have a verb in them are D and E. Choice D uses a different verb tense, the simple past. Choice E is the correct answer.
11. Unlike in the other states in the tri-state area, there are no gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities in New Jersey.
(A) Unlike in the other states in the tri-state area, there are no gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities
(B) Unlike the other states in the tri-state area that have gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities, there are none
(C) Although state or local authorities usually set gasoline taxes in the tri-state area, no such one has been set
(D) Although state or local authorities usually set gasoline taxes in the tri-state area, no such tax has been set
(E) Although there are usually gasoline taxes set by state or local authorities in the tri-state area, no such taxes has been set
Ans:D
Solution:Eliminate A and B on the grounds of a dangling modifier. New Jersey must come after the first comma in options A and B but it does not. “No such one” in option C is non-idiomatic. There is a lack of agreement in Option E between “taxes” and “has”. D is correct.
12. Historians and philosophers in the late nineteenth century argued that Plato’s work was perhaps the ultimate work of political philosophy, that it was the one paradigm of political discourse that there was no possibility to supersede.
(A) that it was the one paradigm of political discourse that there was no possibility to supersede
(B) the one paradigm of political discourse that could not be superseded
(C) for it was the one paradigm of political discourse, and that it was impossible to supersede
(D) a paradigm of political discourse that there was no possibility to supersede
(E) as being the one paradigm that could not be superseded in political discourse
Ans:B
Solution:This question has to do with efficiency of language. What follows the comma is going to give you some peripheral information about the work. You don’t need to precede it by any unnecessary words or phrases such as ‘for’ or ‘as’. D changes the meaning by its use of ‘a paradigm’ rather then ‘the paradigm’. ‘A paradigm’ implies that there were others. The other options are wordier than B. Choice B is the correct answer.
13. Although the initial setup of generators and a power grid by Edison and JP Morgan was rather costly, the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency when the energy costs were cut in half.
(A) the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency when the energy costs were cut in half
(B) the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while cutting energy costs in half
(C) the electrification of lighting in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while costs were cut to half
(D) lighting electrification in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while energy costs were cut in half
(E) lighting electrification in lower Manhattan doubled work efficiency while costs were cut to half
Ans:B
Solution:Choice C has an incorrect idiom: while as. Choices A, C, D & E have passive constructions in the last part of the options. A also unnecessarily has ‘the’ before ‘energy costs’. E eliminates ‘energy’. This word is needed or the meaning of the sentence would be altered. Choice B is the correct answer.
14. Because the economic cycle in the United States changes little during its 20-year interval between recessing, it is fairly easy for analysts to predict analogous trends in the stock market.
(A) between recessing
(B) of recessing
(C) between its recessions
(D) of its recessions
(E) as it recesses
Ans:C
Solution:The word ‘interval’ is critical in this sentence. You might want to ask yourself why use the word ‘between’ at all? You need the word because of the word ‘interval’. ‘Interval’ implies that something is happening. That something has two parts to it. ‘Interval between’ is the correct idiomatic expression. A is incorrect because it uses the verb form ‘recessing’, which is not connected to a recession in the economy. This type of recession is what the sentence is discussing. Choice C is the best answer.
15. After the attack on the World Trade Center, the President ordered intelligence agencies should prepare lists of who were America’s most wanted terrorists.
(A) should prepare lists of who were America’s most wanted terrorists
(B) would do the preparation of lists of America’s most wanted terrorists
(C) preparing lists of most wanted terrorists in America
(D) the preparing of a list of the most wanted terrorists in America
(E) to prepare lists of the most wanted terrorists in America
Ans:E
Solution:The part of the sentence you cannot change includes the fact that someone ordered another person or group of people. The correct following structure in this type of sentence is the infinitive. Only E provides this.
16. The exhibit, created by painstaking craftsmanship in the jungles of Burma, consisted of hundreds of paintings, each painting a tiny etched landscape inside its own ceramic work of pottery.
(A) each painting a tiny etched landscape inside its
(B) all the paintings a tiny etched landscape inside their
(C) all the paintings a tiny etched landscape inside its
(D) every painting a tiny etched landscape inside their
(E) each painting a tiny etched landscape inside their
Ans:A
Solution:This is a very straightforward question of singular or plural and of usage of the words ‘each’ and ‘every’. When you use the word each, you always use the singular, even if you are referring to multiple elements. You would say, for example: each boy in the class is wearing a sweater. Despite the fact that you are referring to multiple boys, you still use the singular. Therefore choices D and E are incorrect. Choice B could be correct if it were: ‘all the paintings tiny etched landscapes’. Choice C uses ‘all’ with the singular ‘its’. This is also wrong. Choice A is the correct answer.
17. More than one hundred years ago, students of ornithology reported that hummingbirds can hover as insects flitting gracefully from one flower to another.
(A) as insects flitting gracefully from one flower to another
(B) like insects flitting gracefully from one flower to another
(C) as insects do that flit gracefully from one flower to others
(D) like insects do that flit gracefully from one flower to others
(E) as do insects that flit gracefully from one flower to some other one
Ans:B
Solution:The main thing you have to determine in this sentence is whether to use ‘like’ or ‘as’. Use ‘like’ to compare nouns or pronouns. Use ‘as’ to introduce either a clause, which is a group of words with a verb, or a phrase starting with a preposition. The sentence compares hummingbirds to insects. Nouns are being compared so you need ‘like’. The word ‘do’ in option D is unnecessary. B is more economical than D. ‘From one flower to another’ is also the correct expression rather then ‘from one flower to others’. B is correct
18. In an effort to shorten the time span and cut the costs needed to raise full-size beef stock, many ranchers substitute cornmeal and ground bones for their cattle’s regular diet, branded by them to become generic-grade beef.
(A) for their cattle’s regular diet, branded by them
(B) for the regular diet of their cattle that have been branded
(C) for the regular diet of their cattle, having been branded
(D) in place of their cattle’s regular diet, for those of them branded
(E) in place of the regular diet of their cattle to have been branded by them
Ans:B
Solution:. Choices B, C and E are ambiguous as it is not clear who or what has been branded. D is wordy and the phrase ‘for those of them branded’ is not idiomatically correct in this sentence. Choice B is the correct answer
19. New high-combustion models of engines show the potential of being able to produce high horsepower and performance without the costly requirements of maintenance and consuming of special racing fuel by earlier high horsepower models.
(A) requirements of maintenance and consuming of special racing fuel by earlier high horsepower models
(B) requirements by earlier high horsepower models of consuming of special racing fuel and maintenance
(C) requirements for consuming of special racing fuel and maintenance of earlier high horsepower models
(D) consumption of special racing fuel and maintenance that was required by earlier high horsepower models
(E) maintenance and consumption of special racing fuel that were required by earlier high horsepower models
Ans:E
Solution:The correct noun to use is ‘consumption’ rather than the word ‘consuming’. Choice D has a mistake in grammar. You need to use the plural instead of ‘that was required’. Choice E is the correct answer
20. Forced to cut back their stock, automobile dealers in the area have cut prices; their pick-up trucks have been priced to sell, and they are.
(A) have been priced to sell, and they are
(B) are priced to sell, and they have
(C) are priced to sell, and they do
(D) are being priced to sell, and have
(E) had been priced to sell, and they have
Ans:C
Solution:Parallel structure demands agreement in verb tenses. The only option using the same tense throughout is C.
21. In the most bizarre court case this month, the judge ruled that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams for the illegal weighting of the ping-pong balls in an effort to fix the tournament.
(A) that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams for the illegal weighting of
(B) that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams because of their illegal weighting of
(C) that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owe restitution to four national pingpong teams for their illegal weighting of
(D) on two ping-pong ball manufacturers that owed restitution to four national ping-pong teams because they illegally weighted
(E) on the restitution that two ping-pong ball manufacturers owed to four national ping-pong teams for the illegal weighting of
Ans:A
Solution:Here the first thing you have to ask yourself is: what did the judge rule? Did he rule on two ping-pong ball manufacturers or on restitution? No, the judge ruled that they owed something. That means that A, B and C are the only possible answer choices. You have to also maintain an agreement in tenses. The judge ruled that somebody owed something, not owes. That eliminates choice C. One difference between choices A and B is the use of different idioms. The manufacturers owed restitution for something, not because of something. This is the correct idiomatic expression. The use of ‘their’ is B is also ambiguous. Choice A is the correct answer.
22. The electronics manufacturer announced that while earnings grew by 5% in the last quarter, revenue decreased whereas it might have been expected for it to rise.
(A) it might have been expected for it to rise
(B) it might have been expected to rise
(C) it might have been expected that it should rise
(D) its rise might have been expected
(E) there might have been an expectation it would rise
Ans:B
Solution:A, C and E are wordy. B maintains parallel structure in that you have a subject, ‘revenue’, and a verb, ‘decreased’, followed by the pronoun ‘it’, standing for revenue and another verb ‘might have been expected’. D has a subject, ‘revenue’ and then another subject ‘its rise’ Because of the two different subjects this option does not have parallel structure. Choice B is the correct answer.
23. The Chinese army consists of several million young men, about equivalent to the enrollment of colleges in India.
(A) equivalent to the enrollment of
(B) the equivalent of those enrolled in
(C) equal to those who are enrolled in
(D) as many as the enrollment of
(E) as many as are enrolled in
Ans:E
Solution:You can have an equivalent number but not equivalent people. A and B incorrectly apply ‘equivalent’ directly to the several million Chinese men. In the same way C incorrectly applies ‘equal’ to the men, not to the number of men. It implies that soldiers are equal to something. The correct comparison here is between the number of soldiers and the number of students. Choice D also makes a mistake in reference in that it compares soldiers to the noun ‘enrollment’. Choice E is the correct answer. It compares Chinese soldiers to Indian students.
24. In the United States, a larger percentage of the defense budget is spent on development of an anti-missile shield than is spent on nuclear missile technology in the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea.
(A) In the United States, a larger percentage of the defense budget is spent on development of an anti-missile shield than is spent on nuclear missile technology in the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea.
(B) In the United States they spend a larger percentage of the defense budget on development of an anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea does on nuclear missile technology.
(C) A larger percentage of the United States’ defense budget is spent on development of an anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea spends on nuclear missile technology.
(D) The United States spends a larger percentage of its defense budget developing its anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea spending on nuclear missile technology.
(E) The United States spends a larger percentage of its defense budget on developing its anti-missile shield than the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea does on nuclear missile technology.
Ans:E
Solution:This sentence is comparative. X does more of A than Y does of B. What is the X? The United States. What is the Y? North Korea. The simplest structure of an English sentence is to start with the subject and the verb. D & E start in this fashion. A and C are passive. The use of ‘they’ in B is incorrect as it is unclear to what ‘they’ refers. Choice D has a mistake in parallel structure. It uses spends/spending. Choice E is the correct answer.
25. Statisticians from the Department of Motor Vehicles have calculated that one human being should be struck every three minutes by a vehicle, while each minute two animals can be expected to die from such collisions.
(A) one human being should be struck every three minutes by a vehicle
(B) a human being should be struck by a vehicle once in every three minutes
(C) a vehicle will strike one human being once in every three minutes
(D) every three minutes a human being will be struck by a vehicle
(E) every three minutes a human being should be struck by a vehicle
Ans:D
Solution:Choices A, B and E all imply that humans should be struck by vehicles, not that they are or will be. Should implies a sense of moral purpose, which is clearly not the right thing to say here. It is tantamount to saying that if too few people are hit by vehicles, then extra humans will be hit. That leaves us with choices C and D. Choice C disrupts the parallel structure necessary to make the rest of the sentence fit. D has the correct parallel structure: Every three minutes something happens and each minute something else happens. C also implies that it is the same human being that is struck every three minutes. Only choice D doesn’t use the word should and maintains correct parallel structure. Choice D is the correct answer.
26. Acme, the family oriented entertainment company, has moved away from traditional family programming and now draws on the production both of adult entertainers who work for magazines and of those in the movie industry.
(A) now draws on the production both of adult entertainers who work for magazines and of those
(B) now draws on the works of adult entertainers, both those who work for magazines and those who work
(C) it draws on the works of adult entertainers now, both those working for magazines and who work (D) draws now on the works both of adult entertainers working for magazines and who are working (E) draws on the works now of both adult entertainers working for magazines and those
Ans:B
Solution:The sentence as written is incorrect as it places ‘both’ too far from the parts of the sentence to which it refers. B corrects this error. C unnecessarily repeats the subject using the pronoun ‘it’. It also does not have parallel structure in that it uses ‘work’ and ‘working’. D and E repeat the problem with the placement of ‘both’. D is not parallel in that it uses ‘working’ and ‘are working’. E implies that there are only two adult entertainers. B is correct.
27. Although coffee is not usually considered a drug, it is so addictive that it has become a critical part of breakfast for many people.
(A) it is so addictive that it has become a critical
(B) it is of such addiction, it has become a critical
(C) so addicting is it as to become a critical
(D) such is its addiction, it becomes a critical
(E) there is so much addiction that it has become a critical
Ans:E
Solution:When used as an intensifier ‘so’ is applied to adjectives while the intensifier ‘such’ is applied to an adjective and a noun. For example, you can say ‘such a hot day’ or ‘the day was so hot’. B is therefore incorrect as it does not fit this pattern. The correct adjective is addictive not addicting as used in C. D is not a complete sentence. E changes the meaning. The correct option, A, emphasizes that coffee is so addictive. E loses this emphasis.
28. The survey showed that children are much more psychologically stable when raised in a family with two parents than in a family where one parent only cares for the child.
(A) a family where one parent only
(B) of a family where only one parent
(C) that for families in which only one parent
(D) a family in which only one parent
(E) those of families in which one parent only
Ans:D
Solution:The first thing you want to look at in this sentence is parallel structure. Because you say in the beginning ‘raised in a family’, you have to maintain the singular form of family. That eliminates choices C and E as possible answers. Also, the parallel structure carries over to prepositions. In the beginning, it says ‘raised in a family of x than in a family of y’. You have to maintain that structure of ‘in a family’. That leaves you with two possible choices: A and D. A uses the word ‘where’, which is incorrect. ‘Where’ refers to locations. The placement of ‘only’ in A and E is incorrect. It implies that the only thing this parent does is to care for a child. Choice D is the correct answer.
29. The CEO has proposed a new policy requiring that employees should retain all pensions indefinitely or be allowed to cash them in at retirement.
(A) that employees should retain all pensions
(B) that all pensions be retained by employees
(C) the retaining by employees of all pensions
(D) employee’s retention of all pensions
(E) employees to retain all pensions
Ans:E
Solution:There are two possible constructions after ‘require’ One is ‘someone requires someone else to do something’. The other uses the subjunctive. For example, ‘I require that you be on time’. The subjunctive is always introduced by ‘that’. Choice A does not fit the correct subjunctive pattern as it uses ‘should’, instead of just the infinitive of the verb without ‘to’. B is grammatically correct but it is passive. C is passive and uses ‘retaining’ instead of ‘retention’. D incorrectly implies that there is only one employee. E is also grammatically correct and is shorter and simpler than B and is therefore the correct answer. It is active rather than the passive B.
30. The recently discovered notes of the writer suddenly revealed that this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant guided in both emotional and spiritual activities by a sharp sense of moral courage.
(A) that this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant guided in both emotional and
(B) that this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant also guided both in emotional as well as
(C) this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant and that she was guided in both emotional and
(D) this most timid and shy of women was an intellectual giant and that she was guided in both emotional as well as
(E) this most timid and shy of women to have been an intellectual giant and that she guided herself in both emotional as well as
Ans:A
Solution:This sentence clearly has to do with tense agreement. You can reduce the sentence down to the simple form: A woman was guided in x and y. Choice E uses different tenses. The use of ‘by’ in the part of the sentence which cannot be changed means that the verb before ‘by’ will be in the passive. E is active and changes the meaning by saying that she guided herself, rather then being guided by a sense of courage. ‘And’ in options A and C is more economical than ‘as well as’ in the other options. The use of ‘also’ in B is unnecessary. C is wordy. You could eliminate ‘and that she was’. D repeats this error. A is correct.
31. Declining values for bonds, the financial vehicles against which investors hedge to get through the bear market, is going to force currency trading to increase.
(A) the financial vehicles against which investors hedge to get through the bear market, is
(B) which investors use as financial vehicles to hedge against to get through the bear market, is
(C) the financial vehicle which is hedged against by investors to get through the bear market is
(D) which investors use as financial vehicles to hedge against to get through the bear market, are
(E) the financial vehicles against which investors hedge to get through the bear market, are
Ans:E
Solution:Because ‘values’ is plural, you need the plural form of the verb ‘to be’. Eliminate A, B and C. The placement of the preposition ‘against’ in E is better than in D. Prepositions should not come at the end of phrases. Choice E is the correct answer.
32. Except for internal networks involve identical operating systems, whose identifi- cation protocol is the same, all legacy multi-system networks need software emulators to communicate.
(A) Except for internal networks involve identical operating systems, whose identification protocol is the same
(B) As well as internal networks involving identical operating systems with the same identification protocol
(C) Unless internal networks involve identical operating systems, which have the same identification protocol
(D) In addition to an internal network between identical operating systems with the same identification protocol
(E) Together with internal networks between identical operating systems, whose identification protocol is the same
Ans:C
Solution:The sentence excludes a subset or an event from a larger group. You can eliminate B, D an E because they convey the opposite meaning as they say the subset and the group have the same characteristics. A is wrong because ‘Except for’ should be followed by a phrase, not a sentence. Choice C is the only possible answer.
33. In one of the most surprising victories in World War I, the newly-formed Soviet communist state was routed by the Polish General, Jozef Pilsudski, demanding that it should push back its borders east of Vilnius.
(A) demanding that it should
(B) demanding it to
(C) and their demand to
(D) who demanded that it
(E) who demanded them to
Ans:D
Solution:Demanding’ is incorrect as it sounds as if the action is taking place now rather then during WW1. C changes the meaning and introduces an unclear pronoun, ‘their’. E also has an unclear pronoun, ‘them’. If the pronoun refers to the Russian state, it should be singular. Only D is correct.
34. Recently discovered gravitational lensing around certain proximate stars strongly suggests that the nine planets of our solar system are a common phenomenon in the universe rather than developing incidentally from a unique galactic phenomenon several billion years ago.
(A) rather than developing incidentally from
(B) rather than a type that developed incidentally from
(C) rather than a type whose development was incidental of
(D) instead of developing incidentally from
(E) instead of a development that was incidental of
Ans:B
Solution:The first thing you should consider here is whether to use rather or instead. Instead does not have an element of choice in it, merely an element of replacement. You would say, for example: I went instead of Jack. You would also say: He is a weak man rather than a timid man. Because this is not a case of replacement, you need the word ‘rather’. That leaves us with choices A, B and C as possible answers. A correct comparison is required. The planets are a ‘phenomenon... rather then a type’. You are correctly comparing two nouns so A can be eliminated. ‘Incidental of’ is an incorrect structure. ‘Incidental to’ is correct. Therefore only B is eliminates all these errors and is the correct answer.
35. The Great Wall Space Agency’s recent attempts to launch a man into space, a major goal of their space program for the past few years, has not substantially decreased the gaps existing between the technology-rich and technology-poor cities around the space center.
(A) has not substantially decreased the gaps existing
(B) has not been substantial in decreasing the gap that exists
(C) has not made a substantial decrease in the gap that exists
(D) have not substantially decreased the gap that exists
(E) have not been substantial in a decrease of the gap that exists
Ans:
Solution:. The first thing you have to determine in this sentence is whether the verb ‘to have’ should be in the singular or plural form. To what does the verb ‘has’ refer? It refers to the attempts. You can shorten this sentence and isolate the core: the attempts (x) have done something (y). That means that only D and E can be possible answers. Choice E is too wordy. Choice D is the correct answer.
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